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Use of Safe Mode

We have to start Windows in Safe Mode in order to remove spyware or for troubleshooting driver problems and other diagnostic purposes. Only specific programs and files with limited driver support are needed to run the operating system. This will allow you to attempt to remove viruses, change bad drivers and perform other diagnostic tasks that cannot be done in Normal Mode.

10Base-T Mean

The 10 refers to the data transfer rate, in this case is 10 Mbps. The word Base refers to base band, as oppose to broad band. T means twisted pair, which is the cable used for that network.

Private IP Address

Private IP addresses are assigned for use on intranets. These addresses are used for internal networks and are not routable on external public networks. These ensures that no conflicts are present among internal networks while at the same time the same range of private IP addresses are reusable for multiple intranets since they do not “see” each other.

Dell Inspiron 11 3162

• Intel Celeron N3060 [Intel Celeron Processor N3060 (2M Cache, up to 2.48 GHz)]
• 2GB, 1600MHz, DDR3L
• 32GB eMMC Storage
• 11.6-inch HD (1366 x 768) Anti-Glare LED-Backlit Display [HDLCD]
• Windows 10 Home operating system
• 10 hours battery life, 1.22kg laptop
• Graphic card: Intel HD Graphics

• No Optical Device
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Layer 4 Switch

Layer 4 switches operate at the transport layer of the TCP/IP stack. Layer 4 switches operate at the UDP and TCP level, making switching decisions based on information held in the transport layer

Layer 3 switch

Layer 3 switches combine the speed and cost-effectiveness of switching, with the control and scalability of routing. Like a router, a Layer 3 switch runs routing protocols such RIP, RIP2, OSPF or any other routing protocol. The Layer 3 switch communicates with all other "routers" in the network. From a router's perspective, it appears as if the Layer 3 switch is just another router exchanging information about topology and moving packets. 

Unlike traditional routers a Layer 3 switch applies switching technologies in the forwarding plane. The main CPU does not inspect packets unless they are exceptions

POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3)

POP3 is the most recent version of a standard protocol for receiving e-mail. POP3 is a client/server protocol in which e-mail is received and held for you by your Internet server. Periodically, you (or your client e-mail receiver) check your mail-box on the server and download any mail, probably using POP3.

Port number : 110

SMTP

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, a protocol for sending e-mail messages between servers. Most e-mail systems that send mail over the Internet use SMTP to send messages from one server to another; the messages can then be retrieved with an e-mail client using either POP or IMAP. In addition, SMTP is generally used to send messages from a mail client to a mail server. This is why you need to specify both the POP or IMAP server and the SMTP server when you configure your e-mail application.

Port number: 25

Device manager

The Device Manager is a tool included with Microsoft Windows operating systems that allows the user to display and control the hardware attached to the computer. When a piece of hardware is not working, the offending hardware is highlighted where the user can deal with it.

Relay Agent

If we want to assign IP address automatically to other subnets then we need to require relay agent. DHCP server always uses broadcast traffic to assign IP address for the clients. But Router does not forward broadcast Packets. Router only broadcast unicast packets. To overcome this problem across subnets we are using DHCP Relay agent.

DNS

Domain Naming Service. It‘ll Resolve IP Address to Hostname (FQDN) and Hostname to IP address. In DNS there are two Zones.

1.   Forward Lookup Zone

2.   Reverse Lookup Zone.

FQDN – Fully Qualified Domain Name

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. It is used to Assign IP address automatically to the Client Machine.

          DHCP is a protocol used by networked computers (clients) to obtain IP addresses and other parameters such as the default gateway, subnet mask, and IP addresses of DNS servers from a DHCP server. It facilitates access to a network because these settings would otherwise have to be made manually for the client to participate in the network.

           DHCP operations fall into four basic phases. These phases are IP lease request, IP lease offer, IP lease selection, and IP lease acknowledgement

DHCP discovery

DHCP offers

DHCP requests

DHCP acknowledgement

Subnet Mask

Subnet mask is used for identify the Network.

Example:

For a class A address, a standard subnet mask is 255.0.0.0,

For a class B address, a standard subnet mask is 255.255.0.0,

For a class C address, a standard subnet mask is 255.255.255.0,

CMOS (Complementary Metal oxide Semiconductor)

A part of the motherboard that maintains system variables in static RAM. It also supplies a real-time clock that keeps track of the date, day and time. CMOS Setup is typically accessible by entering a specific sequence of keystrokes during the POST at system start-up.

What is Chatting?

Chatting is a Real Time Conversation between two or more people in the network.

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Blue Screen Of Death

A Blue Screen error is mainly due to hardware or software incompatibility within the system. The most common reasons for a Blue Screen of Death (BSD) are unwanted software installation, high CPU usage and faulty RAM. Try the following options.

1. Pull out the RAM card, rub it with rubber on the chip side, and re-insert.

2. If a BSD still occurs, try using that RAM on another system.

3. Every BSD has a unique code; try searching it on Google to find a solution.

Operational roles for DC (Domain controller) and ADC ( Additional Domain Controller)

Operational roles for DC (Domain controller) are:

• Domain Naming Master
• Schema Master
• RID Master
• PDC Emulator
• Infrastructure Master

Operational roles for ADC (Additional Domain Controller) are:

• PDC Emulator
• RID Master
• Infrastructure Master

Minimum Requirement for Installing AD

1. Windows Server, Advanced Server, Datacenter Server

2. Minimum Disk space of 200MB for AD and 50MB for log files

3. NTFS partition

4. TCP/IP Installed and Configured to use DNS

5. Administrative privilege for creating a domain in existing network

What is APM?

APM, or Advanced Power Management, was developed by Microsoft and Intel as an API. This API is mainly used for power management, and is very useful especially to those using Windows on their laptops or netbooks.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DOMAIN AND WORKGROUP

WINDOWS SERVER VERSIONS

• Windows NT 3.1 : Release in 1993
• Windows NT 3.5 : Released in 1994
• Windows NT 3.51 : Released in 1995
• Windows NT 4.0 : Released in 1996
• Windows 2000 : Released in 2000
• Windows Server 2003 : Released in 2003
• Windows Server 2003 R2 : Released in 2006
• Windows Server 2008 : Released in 2008
• Windows Server 2008 R2 : Released in 2009
• Windows Server 2012 : Released in 2012
• Windows Server 2012 R2 : Released in 2013
• Windows Server 2016 : Released in 2016

Difference Between Unicast and Multicast

Unicast

Unicast is a one-to one connection between the client and the server. Unicast uses IP delivery methods such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which are session-based protocols. When a Windows Media Player client connects using unicast to a Windows Media server, that client has a direct relationship to the server. Each unicast client that connects to the server takes up additional bandwidth. For example, if you have 10 clients all playing 100-kilobits per second (Kbps) streams, those clients as a group are taking up 1,000 Kbps. If you have only one client playing the 100 Kbps stream, only 100 Kbps is being used.

Multicast

Multicast is a true broadcast. The multicast source relies on multicast-enabled routers to forward the packets to all client subnets that have clients listening. There is no direct relationship between the clients and Windows Media server. The Windows Media server generates an .nsc (NetShow channel) file when the multicast station is first created. Typically, the .nsc file is delivered to the client from a Web server. This file contains information that the Windows Media Player needs to listen for the multicast. This is similar to tuning into a station on a radio. Each client that listens to the multicast adds no additional overhead on the server. In fact, the server sends out only one stream per multicast station. The same load is experienced on the server whether only one client or 1,000 clients are listening

Group Policy

Group Policy allows you to implement specific configurations for users and computers. Group Policy settings are contained in Group Policy objects (GPOs), which are linked to the following Active Directory service containers: sites, domains, or organizational units (OUs).

INODE

INODE holds the metadata of files; INODE is a pointer to a block on the disk, and it is unique.

In simple words, it is a unique number allocated to a file in UNIX-like OS.

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TP-LINK 300Mbps Wireless N Route (TL-WR841N)

•300Mbps wireless speed ideal for interruption sensitive applications like HD video streaming

•Two antennas greatly increase the wireless robustness and stability

•Easy wireless security encryption at a push of WPS button

•IP based bandwidth control allows administrators to determine how much bandwidth is allotted to each PC

•Compatible with IPv6 -the more recent Internet Protocol version

•TP-LINK Tether App allows quick installation and easy management using any mobile device

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• Supports 6th Generation Intel® Core™ Processor

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• Intel® USB 3.0 with USB Type-C™ - the world's next Universal connector

• 2-Way Graphics with Premium PCIe Lane

• PCIe Gen3 x4 M.2 Connector with up to 32Gb/s Data Transfer 
        (PCIe NVMe & SATA SSD support)

• 3 SATA Express Connectors for up to 16Gb/s Data Transfer

• 115dB SNR HD Audio with Built-in Rear Audio Amplifier

• High Quality Audio Capacitors and Audio Noise Guard with LED Trace Path Lighting

• Intel® GbE LAN with cFosSpeed Internet Accelerator Software

• APP Center Including EasyTune™ and Cloud Station™ Utilities

• GIGABYTE UEFI DualBIOS™ Technology

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Reliance JIO Jio Wireless Router

LYF-powered JioFi is a portable broadband device brought to you by Reliance Digital. JioFi device allows multiple users and mobile devices to access Jio's 4G high-speed internet connectivity and create a personal Wi-Fi hotspot. The LYF-powered JioFi device can connect a minimum of 10 devices + 1 USB connection, with some models having the ability to support many more connections.

True 4G Speed

Enjoy blazing fast internet. Download speed up to 150Mbps and upload speed up to 50 Mbps

4G Data and HD Voice even on your 2G/3G Smartphones

Enjoy 4G VoLTE Smartphone services on your 2G / 3G Smartphones

Video & HD Voice Calls

Make Video and HD Voice calls, send SMS and set up even (5+1) Audio & (3+1) Video conference calls with the Jio4GVoice app

Powerful Battery

Best in class battery (2300mAh) supports 5 - 6 hours of surf time

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What is DDR4 RAM?

• DDR4 SDRAM is the abbreviation for "double data rate fourth generation synchronous dynamic random-access memory", the latest variant of memory in computing. DDR4 is able to achieve higher speed and efficiency thanks to increased transfer rates and decreased voltage. 

• The primary advantages of DDR4 over its predecessor, DDR3, include higher module density and lower voltage requirements, coupled with higher data rate transfer speeds. The DDR4 standard theoretically allows for DIMMs of up to 512 GiB in capacity, compared to DDR3's theoretical maximum of 128 GiB per DIMM.

• DDR4 also provides cyclic redundancy checks (CRC) for improved data reliability, on-chip parity detection for integrity verification of ‘command and address’ transfers over a link, enhanced signal integrity and other robust RAS features.

LENOVO UHD F308 1 TB External Hard Drive

LENOVO UHD F308 1 TB  A slim, portable and stylishly designed 1 TB USB hard drive. Fast data transfer with USB 3.0 connectivity.Compact, slim and portable design Fast data transfer with USB 3.0 connectivity Up to 8 KV ESD (electrostatic discharge) protection.

Specifications

GENERAL	LENOVO UHD F308 1 TB (EN)
hip Group	LENOVO UHD F308 1 TB (EN) USB 3.0 cable User guide Warranty Retail package Security label Label (product label, box label, carton label, carton 1S label)
Hard Drive Form Factor	None
Hard Drive Capacity	1TB
Capacity	1
Capacity Units	TB
Interface	USB 3.0
Platter RPM	5400
Swappable	No
Depth	116mm
Height	13mm
Max Operating Humidity + Units	95%
Max Operating Temperature + Units	40C
Min Operating Temperature + Units	0C
Weight US	0.54
Weight US Units	lbs
Weight Metric	0.25
Weight Metric Units	Kg
Width	77mm
Warranty Period	One Year
Warranty Type	1 Year - CRU

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